Perceived Danger Scale (PD)
This is the most up to date version of this scale.
Construct Summary
“Perceived danger is the anticipation of harmful consequences of the actual or imagined interaction with another entity.” (p. 2)
Rating = 100%
| Check? | Guideline Item |
|---|---|
| ✓ | Is the construct defined? |
| ✓ | Does the final version of the items capture the construct as it has been defined by the authors? |
| ✓ | Is the item generation process discussed (e.g., literature review, Delphi method, crowd-sourcing)? |
| ✓ | Person to items 10:1 for the initial set of items? |
| ✓ | Did they perform an EFA, PCA, Rasch, or similar test to determine the item to factor relationship? |
| ✓ | Did they describe how they determined number of factors? |
| ✓ | Did they report the full initial set of items? |
| ✓ | Did they provide loadings (EFA) or item fits (Rasch) of all items? |
| ✓ | Is there a description of the item removal process (e.g., using infit/outfit, factor loading minimum value, or cross-loading values)? |
| ✓ | Did they list the final items included in the scale? |
| ✓ | Did they include a factor structure test (e.g., second EFA, CFA, DIF, test for unidimensionality when using Rasch, or similar)? |
| ✓ | Was a measure of reliability (e.g., Cronbach’s alpha, McDonalds Omega_h or Omega_t, Tarkkonen’s Rho) reported? |
| ✓ | Was a test of validity (e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, discriminant) reported? |
Comments None.
Reviewed by Experts ✓
Downloads
Molan, J., Saad, L., Roesler, E., McCurry, J. M., Gyory, N., & Trafton, J. G. (in press). The perceived danger (PD) scale: development and validation. 2025 ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI). IEEE.
PDF of scale as well as instructions for administration and scoring can be downloaded [here]:
Final Scale Items (12 total):
Affective States
How nervous did you feel?
How anxious did you feel?
How stressed did you feel?
Physical Vulnerability
How exposed to physical injury were you?
How severely might you have been injured?
How likely was the robot to cause pain?
Ominousness
How menacing was the robot?
How threatening was the robot?
How intimidating was the robot?
Cognitive Readiness
How alert were you?
How vigilant were you?
How cautious were you?