Scale of Social Robot Anthropomorphism (SSRA)
This is the most up-to-date version of this scale.
Construct Summary
After a brief initial literature review, the authors first define social robot anthropomorphism as:
“the perception of human-like qualities in a robot, often prompted by the recognition of human-like traits within the robot, encompassing multiple dimensions.” (p 4)
but later, after further theoretical review, define it as:
“a customer’s perception of the human-like level of a social robot that is formed by the robot’s human-like appearance, social intelligence, emotional capacity, and self-understanding” (p. 6)
Rating = 92%
| Check? | Guideline Item |
|---|---|
| ✓ | Is the construct defined? |
| ✓ | Does the final version of the items capture the construct as it has been defined by the authors? |
| ✓ | Is the item generation process discussed (e.g., literature review, Delphi method, crowd-sourcing)? |
| ✓ | Person to items 10:1 for the initial set of items? |
| ✓ | Did they perform an EFA, PCA, Rasch, or similar test to determine the item to factor relationship? |
| ✓ | Did they describe how they determined number of factors? |
| ✓ | Did they report the full initial set of items? |
| ✖ | Did they provide loadings (EFA) or item fits (Rasch) of all items? |
| ✓ | Is there a description of the item removal process (e.g., using infit/outfit, factor loading minimum value, or cross-loading values)? |
| ✓ | Did they list the final items included in the scale? |
| ✓ | Did they include a factor structure test (e.g., second EFA, CFA, DIF, test for unidimensionality when using Rasch, or similar)? |
| ✓ | Was a measure of reliability (e.g., Cronbach’s alpha, McDonalds Omega_h or Omega_t, Tarkkonen’s Rho) reported? |
| ✓ | Was a test of validity (e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, discriminant) reported? |
Comments None
Reviewed by Experts ✓
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PAPER
Chi, O. H., Chi, C. G., & Gursoy, D. (2024). Seeing Personhood in Machines: Conceptualizing Anthropomorphism of Social Robots. Journal of Service Research, 10946705241297196.
PDF of scale as well as instructions for administration and scoring are not readily available. Check the paper for more details or email hriscaledatabase@gmail.com submit this information if you are the author of this scale.
Final Scale Items (20 total):
Human-like Appearance (HA)
The robot looks as natural as a human being.
The robot has a human-like appearance.
The robot looks lifelike.
THe robot has human0like motion and gestures.
The robot looks alive.
The robot has human-like facial expressions.
Self-understanding (SU)
The robot has consciousness.
The robot has its own free will.
The robot has intentions.
The robot has a mind of its own.
The robot has values and norms.
The robot knows the meaning of life.
Social intelligence (SI)
The robot can quickly resond to the conversation.
The robot is capable to interact with a human.
The robot can understand what people say.
The robot speaks in the way that a human does.
The robot can provide appropriate answers in the conversation like a human.
Emotion capability (EC)
The robot can recognize others’ emotions.
The robot can react to others’ emotions.
The robot can express its emotions.